A V-Y shaped flap with digital artery nerve at metacarpophalangeal joint was used to repair the defect of middle and distal phalanx / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore a surgical method for the reconstruction of volar soft tissue defect and sensory and vascular repair in middle and far phalangeal digits.@*METHODS@#From January 2016 to January 2020, a total of 14 patients , 9 males and 5 females, ages ranging from 22 to 69 years old, and with volar soft tissue defects in the middle and distal digits 2 to 4, underwent surgical reconstruction using the V-Y shaped flap with digital artery and nerve at the metacarpophalangeal joint. The defect area was (2.0~2.5) cm×(1.5 ~2.0) cm. The procedure involved the harvest of a V-Y shaped flap with the digital artery and nerve from the metacarpophalangeal joint. Flap design, dissection of blood vessels and nerves, and anastomosis with the digital artery and nerve were performed according to a standardized protocol., Functional exercise of affected finger was initiated 3 weeks postoperatively. Subsequent assessments were conducted to evaluate finger pulp sensation, shape and other relevant parameters. According to the upper extremity functional evaluation standard set up by Hand Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association, the surgical outcomes were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#All 14 cases demonstrated successful tissue transplantation, , with immediate recovery of sensation observed in 10 cases with distal finger pulp defects. Four patients with middle phalangeal defects experienced gradual sensory recovery within 2 to 3 months postoperatively. Thirteen patients were followed up for a mean duration of (8.8 ± 4.49) months, during which satisfactory outcomes were observed. The average two-point resolution of the finger pulp was 4-6mm, and sensory function evaluation yielded a score of S3 or above. Patients exhibited realistic finger shape, normal skin color and temperature, good wear resistance, and cold resistance. Furthermore, finger joint function was essentially normal.@*CONCLUSION@#The V-Y shaped flap with digital artery and nerve at the metacarpophalangeal joint offers a suitable solution for repairing the defect of the middle or distal phalangeal finger. This technique is characterized by its simplicity, low risk, and favorable outcomes, including restored finger shape, blood supply and sensation. Moreover, high patient satisfaction was achieved.

Diagnosis and treatment of finger flexion contracture caused by forearm flexor disease / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, and treatment methods of finger flexion contracture caused by three kinds of forearm flexor diseases.@*METHODS@#Between December 2008 and August 2021, 17 patients with finger flexion contracture were treated, including 8 males and 9 females, aged 5-42 years, with a median of 16 years. The disease duration ranged from 1.5 months to 30 years, with a median of 13 years. The etiology included 6 cases of Volkmann's contracture, all of which were flexion deformity of the 2nd to 5th fingers, accompanied by limitation of thumb dorsiflexion in 3 cases and limitation of wrist dorsiflexion in 3 cases; 3 cases of pseudo-Volkmann's contracture, including 2 cases of flexion deformity of middle, ring, and little fingers, and 1 case of flexion deformity of ring and little fingers; 8 cases of ulnar finger flexion contracture caused by forearm flexor disease or anatomical variations, all of which were flexion deformity of middle, ring, and little fingers. Operations such as slide of flexor and pronator teres origin, excision of abnormal fibrous cord and bony prominence, and release of entrapped muscle (tendon) were performed. Hand function was evaluated according to WANG Haihua's hand function rating standard or modified Buck-Gramcko classification standard, and muscle strength was evaluated according to British Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle strength rating standard.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up 1-10 years (median, 1.5 years). At last follow-up, 8 patients with contracture caused by forearm flexor disease or anatomical variations and 3 patients with pseudo-Volkmann's contracture achieved excellent hand function, with muscle strength of grade M5 in 6 cases and grade M4 in 5 cases. One patient with mild Volkmann's contracture and 3 patients with moderate Volkmann's contracture without severe nerve damage had excellent hand function in 2 cases and good in 2 cases, with muscle strength of grade M5 in 1 case and grade M4 in 3 cases. Two patients with moderate or severe Volkmann's contracture had poor hand function, with 1 case of muscle strength of grade M3 and 1 case of grade M2, which improved when compared with those before operation. The overall excellent and good rate of hand function and the proportion of patients with muscle strength of grade M4 and above were 88.2% (15/17), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The finger flexion contracture caused by different etiology can be differentiated by analyzing the history, physical examination, radiographs, and intraoperative findings. After different surgical treatments, such as resection of contracture band, release of compressed muscle (tendon), and downward movement of flexor origin, most patients have a good outcome.

Lesiones de punta de dedo: experiencia en el manejo en los últimos 5 años en un centro pediátrico / Fingertip injuries: experience in handling the last 5 years in a pediatric center

Las lesiones de punta de dedo son comunes en pacientes pediátricos que acuden a salas de Emergencia; son causadas por accidentes en el hogar y con aplastamiento en puerta como principal mecanismo de trauma. El tratamiento se realiza individualizado por cirujanos plásticos y cirujanos pediátricos en dependencia de la herida y el compromiso tisular. El propósito de este estudio es describir el manejo de pacientes con lesiones de punta de dedo en un centro pediátrico. Se realizó un análisis de historias clínicas en el período entre enero 2015 y diciembre 2020, se evaluaron 228 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde, en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Los resultados incluyen un predominio de pacientes en edad preescolar (67%), masculinos (56%) y de mano derecha (53%). Los dedos más afectados fueron el medio y anular. Los procedimientos fueron realizados por cirujanos plásticos (55%) y la técnica electiva fue bajo anestesia general. La extensión del daño involucró tejidos blandos (92%), avulsión de uña (29%) y fracturas asociadas (15%). El 3% de los pacientes presentó complicaciones que requirieron seguimiento. El tipo de reparo se seleccionó en dependencia de la extensión de la herida, se realizaron suturas simples (37%) y suturas complejas con reparo de la uña (27%). Nuestros datos son similares a los descritos en la literatura internacional, con buenos resultados a largo plazo, menor tasa de complicaciones y respuestas similares en los reparos realizados por cirujanos plásticos y cirujanos pediatras.

Fingertip injuries are common in pediatric patients who present to the emergency room. They are usually caused by accidents at home, being door-crush the main mechanism. Treatment is performed on an individual basis, by a Plastic or General Pediatric Surgeon, according to the wound findings and tissue involvement. The purpose of this study is to describe the management on a pediatric center in patients with a fingertip wound. A descriptive and retrospective analysis of medical records was carried out from January 2015 until December 2020. In this period 228 patients were seen in the Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde Children´s Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador. A high incidence was found in the preschool age with 67% of cases. The injuries were more common in males (56 %) and more predominant on the right hand (53%). The most affected fingers were the middle and annular. Procedures were mostly performed by Pediatric Surgeons (55%) and the elective technique was under general anesthesia. Damage extension of the fingertip included soft tissues in 92% of patients, nail avulsion in 29% and associated fractures in 15%. Only 3% of patients developed complications that required follow up. The type of repair was selected according to the extension of the injury. Mostly simple sutures (37%) and complex sutures with nail repair (27%)were used.Our data is similar to the one found in international literature, with good long-term outcomes, minor complications and similar results when the repair was performed by a Plastic or Pediatric surgeon

Artroplastia interfalángica proximal de dedo de la mano con doble injerto osteocondral de costilla. Reporte de un caso y descripción de la técnica quirúrgica / Proximal interphalangeal finger arthroplasty with double osteochondral rib graft. Case report and description of the surgical technique

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 27 años con una lesión grave articular interfalángica proximal en el dedo anular de la mano derecha, provocada por un proyectil de arma de fuego, que fue tratada con doble injerto osteocondral de costilla. Tenía una fractura expuesta y déficit de stock óseo y cartilaginoso tanto en la primera como en la segunda falange. Luego de la limpieza inicial, a las 3 semanas, se realizó una artroplastia interfalángica proximal con doble injerto osteocondral de costilla y fijador externo distractor de Suzuki. Se describe con detalle la técnica quirúrgica.A las 10 semanas posoperatorias, la flexión activa interfalángica era de 75° y la extensión activa, de -15°, con articulación estable. Alta laboral a los 3 meses de la cirugía, sin dolor y un puntaje DASH de 14,2. Las radiografías mostraron la incorporación de los injertos, sin reabsorción y con una articulación congruente.Se valora la ventaja de esta técnica en cuanto a la escasa morbilidad para la zona dadora y la versatilidad para las reconstrucciones con defectos articulares. El resultado funcional temprano subjetivo y objetivo fue satisfactorio. No se pueden descartar complicaciones futuras. Nivel de Evidencia; IV

We present the case of a 27-year-old male patient with a gunshot wound and severe proximal interphalangeal joint injury in the ring finger of the right hand, treated with a double osteochondral rib graft. He had an exposed fracture and a lack of bone and cartilage stock in both the first and second phalanx. After the initial toilette, at 3 weeks, a proximal interphalangeal arthroplasty was performed with a double osteochondral rib graft protected by a Suzuki external distractor. The surgical technique is described in detail. At 10 weeks after surgery, an active interphalangeal joint flexion of 75° and active extension of -15° were verified, without articular instability. The patient returned to work at 3 months after surgery, with no residual pain (0 VAS score) and a DASH score of 14.2. Radiographs showed incorporated grafts without resorption and a congruent joint. This technique is valued for its low morbidity on the donor site and versatility for joint defect reconstructions. The limitations of our study are mentioned. The clinical case presented obtained a satisfactory subjective and objective early functional outcome. Further complications cannot be ruled out. Level of Evidence: IV

Preliminary study on functional and aesthetic reconstruction by using a small artery-only free medial flap of the second toe for fingertip injuries

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to introduce the feasibility of fingertip reconstruction by using a free medial flap of the second toe without vein anastomosis. METHODS: In total, 8 patients with fingertip injuries were treated successfully with this method. Patients who underwent reconstruction from September 2016 to October 2017 in our hospital with an artery-only free medial flap transfer of the second toe for fingertip injuries were included, and patients who underwent additional procedures that may impact the postoperative results and were followed up for less than 6 months were excluded. Clinical trial registration: ChiCTR19000021883. RESULTS: According to the Allen classification, five patients had Type 3 injuries, and three patients had Type 4 injuries. One arterial nerve and one digital nerve were repaired at the same time. No additional dissection was performed in either the donor or recipient site of the dorsal or volar vein. Postoperative venous congestion was monitored based on the color, temperature and the degree of tissue oxygen saturation. The flap size ranged from 1.20*1.0 cm2 to 1.80*1.0 cm2. The reconstruction time was 71.86 (SD 14.75) minutes. The two-point discrimination and the monofilament results were satisfying; cold intolerance did not appear in five patients, and the other three patients had cold intolerance with grades of 4, 12 and 26, which were considered satisfactory. Moreover, leech therapy, continuous bleeding and needle sutures were not utilized in any cases. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction with a small artery-only free medial flap transfer of the second toe led to satisfactory sensory and motor function in the selected patients with fingertip injuries.

Anatomical study of the transfer of flexor digitorum superficialis nerve branch of median nerve to restore wrist extension and forearm pronation / Estudo anatômico da transferência do ramo do nervo mediano destinado ao músculo flexor superficial dos dedos para restaurar a extensão do punho e a pronação do antebraço

Abstract Objective To analyze the anatomical variations of the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and to determine if the branch of the median nerve that supply this muscle is connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the pronator teres muscles, without tension, and how close to the target-muscles the transfer can be performed. Methods Fifty limbs of 25 cadavers were dissected to collect data on the anatomical variations of the branches to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Results This muscle received innervation from the median nerve in the 50 limbs. In 22 it received one branch, and in 28 more than one. The proximal branch was identified in 22 limbs, and in 12 limbs it shared branches with other muscles. The distal branch was present in all, and originated from the median nerve as an isolated branch, or a common trunk with the anterior interosseous nerve in 3 limbs, and from a common trunk with the flexor carpi radialis muscle and anterior interosseous nerve in another. It originated distally to the anterior interosseous nerve at 38, in 5 on the same level, and in 3 proximal to the anterior interosseous nerve. In four limbs, innervation came from the anterior interosseous nerve, as well as from the median nerve. Accessory branches of the median nerve for the distal portion of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were present in eight limbs. Conclusion In 28 limbs with two or more branches, one of them could be connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and pronator teres muscles without tension, even during the pronation and supination movements of the forearm and flexion-extension of the elbow.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as variações anatômicas da inervação do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos e determinar se o ramo do nervo mediano destinado a esse músculo pode ou não ser conectado aos ramos para os músculos extensor radial curto do carpo e pronador redondo sem tensão, e quão próximo dos músculos-alvo a transferência pode ser realizada. Métodos Foram dissecados 50 membros de 25 cadáveres para coletar dados sobre as variações anatômicas dos ramos para o músculo flexor superficial dos dedos. Resultados O referido músculo recebeu inervação do nervo mediano nos 50 membros. Em 22 recebeu um ramo, em 28 mais que um. O ramo proximal foi identificado em 22 membros e em 12 compartilhava ramos com outros músculos. O ramo distal estava presente em todos e desprendeu-se do nervo mediano como um ramo isolado ou de um tronco comum com o nervo interósseo anterior em 3 membros, e de um tronco comum com músculo flexor radial do carpo e nervo interósseo anterior em outro. Originou-se distalmente ao nervo interósseo anterior em 38, em 5 no mesmo nível e em 3 proximal ao nervo interósseo anterior. Em quatro recebeu inervação do nervo interósseo anterior, além daquela recebida pelo mediano. Ramos acessórios do nervo mediano para a porção distal do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos estavam presentes em oito membros. Conclusão Nos 28 membros em que existam 2 ou mais ramos, 1 desses poderia ser conectado aos ramos para o músculo extensor radial curto do carpo e pronador redondo sem tensão, mesmo durante os movimentos de pronossupinação do antebraço e flexão-extensão do cotovelo.

Tenosinovitis inespecífica en granos de arroz de los tendones flexores de la mano / Ténosynovite non spécifique d'aspect en grains de riz des tendons fléchisseurs de la main / Non-specific flexor tendons tenosynovitis in rice grains of the hand

La tenosinovitis con cuerpos libres en forma de granos de arroz es una afección muy infrecuente que se presenta, generalmente, asociada a artritis reumatoide o tuberculosis. Los casos no asociados a estas enfermedades son extremadamente raros. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 62 años de edad, intervenido quirúrgicamente por un síndrome del túnel carpiano derecho hace 7 años. En aquel momento se le realizó una apertura del retináculo transverso del carpo y una sinovectomía de los tendones flexores. La biopsia sinovial reportó una "sinovitis crónica". Evolucionó satisfactoriamente durante los primeros 4 años, luego comenzó a presentar nuevamente los síntomas compresivos del nervio mediano y un aumento progresivo del volumen en la cara anterior de la muñeca. El ultrasonido mostró una marcada hipertrofia sinovial de los tendones flexores a nivel de la muñeca. Los estudios neurofisiológicos reportaron daño axonal y mielínico en las fibras del nervio mediano derecho. Se le realizó una nueva intervención donde se visualizó la hipertrofia sinovial y abundantes cuerpos libres en forma de granos de arroz agrupados en sacos sinoviales. Se le descomprimió el túnel carpiano, se resecaron los cuerpos libres y se le hizo una sinovectomía amplia. El resultado de la biopsia fue una sinovitis inespecífica con cuerpos libres en granos de arroz. Después de dos años de operado el paciente está asintomático.

Tenosynovitis with loose rice grain-like structures is a very rare condition that usually presents associated with rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis. Cases not associated with these diseases are extremely rare. A 62-year-old male patient underwent surgery for a right carpal tunnel syndrome seven years ago. At that time, an opening of the transverse retinaculum of the carpus and synovectomy of the flexor tendons were performed. Synovial biopsy reported "chronic synovitis". It evolved satisfactorily during the first four years; then the patient began to present again the compressive symptoms of the median nerve and progressive increase in volume in the anterior aspect of the wrist. The ultrasound showed marked synovial hypertrophy of the flexor tendons at the level of the wrist. Neurophysiological studies reported axonal and myelin damage in the fibers of the right median nerve. A new intervention was performed. Synovial hypertrophy was visualized and abundant free loose rice grain-like structures grouped in synovial sacs. The carpal tunnel was decompressed, the free bodies were resected and wide synovectomy was performed. The result of the biopsy was non-specific synovitis with free rice grain-like structures. After two years of surgery, the patient is asymptomatic.

La ténosynovite à corps étrangers libres d'aspect en grains de riz est une affection très peu fréquente, étant généralement associée à l'arthrite rhumatoïde ou à la tuberculose. Les cas non associés à ces maladies sont extrêmement rares. Le cas d'un patient âgé de 62 ans, atteint de syndrome du canal carpien droit, et traité chirurgicalement il y a sept ans, est présenté. En ce moment-là, il a subi une incision du ligament transverse du carpe (rétinaculum) et une synovectomie des tendons fléchisseurs. La biopsie synoviale a dévoilé une «synovite chronique¼. L'évolution a été satisfaisante au cours des quatre premières années; puis après la compression du nerf médian et l'inflammation progressive de la face antérieure du poignet ont réapparues. L'échographie a montré une marquée hypertrophie synoviale des tendons fléchisseurs au niveau du poignet. Les examens neurophysiologiques ont révélé un dommage axonal et myélinique des fibres du nerf médian droit. Dans la nouvelle intervention effectuée, une hypertrophie synoviale et plusieurs corps étrangers d'aspect en grains de riz groupés en bourses synoviales ont été remarqués. Une décompression du canal carpien, une résection des corps étrangers et une large synovectomie ont été réalisées. La biopsie a repéré une synovite non spécifique à corps étrangers libres en forme de grains de riz. Le patient reste encore asymptomatique depuis deux ans.

Retrospective study to evaluate the treatment of digital pulp lesions using a homodigital flap / Estudo retrospectivo para avaliação do tratamento de lesões da polpa digital com retalho homodigital

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the homodigital flap surgical procedure, as well as the function of the finger, pain, sensation, esthetics, and patient satisfaction. Method: Retrospective analysis of records and questionnaires of patients who underwent this surgical technique between the months of May 2013 and October 2016. Eight were included in the study, with an average follow-up period of 23 months. Patients with digital pulp lesions of the thumbs and those who did not perform rehabilitation were excluded. All underwent the two-point discrimination test, the Semmes-Weinstein test, and range of motion evaluation. The age varied from 22 to 59 years (average of 32.9), six (75%) being male patients. Results: Three patients (37.5%) had involvement of the right hand and five of the left (62.5%). Regarding the etiology, seven suffered injury and one a chemical burn. The average distance obtained from the two-point discrimination test was 7.3 mm. All patients who underwent the Semmes-Weinstein test obtained response to the purple filament. The average sum of the range of motion of the affected digit was 98.9%. The flap area was on average 294.4 mm2. The return to work averaged seven weeks. A positive Tinel sign was found in the donating area and two reported intolerance to cold. Partial or total necrosis of the flap was not observed. Conclusion: The homodigital flap technique presented satisfactory esthetics and functional results regarding feasibility, sensation, and digital mobility in pulp lesions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o procedimento cirúrgico de retalho homodigital, bem como a função do quirodáctilo, a dor, a sensibilidade, a estética e a satisfação do paciente. Método: Análise retrospectiva de prontuários e questionários de pacientes submetidos a essa técnica entre maio de 2013 e outubro de 2016. Oito pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, com uma média de seguimento de 23 meses. Foram excluídos os pacientes com lesões de polpa digital em polegares e os que não fizeram reabilitação. Todos os pacientes fizeram os testes de discriminação entre dois pontos, Semmes-Weinstein, e avaliação do arco de movimento. A idade variou entre 22 e 59 anos (média de 32,9), seis (75%) eram do sexo masculino. Resultados: Três pacientes (37,5%) tiveram acometimento da mão direita e cinco (62,5%), da esquerda. Com relação à etiologia, sete sofreram lesão traumática e um sofreu queimadura química. A distância média obtida no teste de discriminação entre dois pontos foi de 7,3 mm. Todos os pacientes submetidos ao teste Semmes-Weinstein obtiveram resposta ao filamento de cor roxa. A média da somatória do arco de movimento do dígito acometido foi de 98,9%. A área do retalho foi em média de 294,4 mm2. O retorno ao trabalho foi em torno de sete semanas. Um apresentou sinal de Tinel positivo na área doadora e dois referiram intolerância ao frio. Não se observou necrose parcial ou total do retalho. Conclusão: A técnica do retalho homodigital apresentou resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios quanto à viabilidade, sensibilidade e mobilidade digital em lesões da polpa.

Polypropylene prosthesis for the treatment of fingertip injuries. Description of surgical technique and results / Uso da prótese de polipropileno para o tratamento das lesões em ponta de dedo. Descrição de técnica cirúrgica e resultados

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Report the results of treatment of fingertip injuries and describe this reproducible and low cost surgical technique, which utilizes a polypropylene prosthesis that temporarily replaces the nail and is placed on the area of injury, providing protection and encouragement for healing by secondary intention. METHOD: This study evaluated 22 patients with traumatic injuries of the fingertips in the period from January 2012 to December 2015. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon. The mean postoperative follow-up was 13 months, with a minimum follow-up of six months. For all statistical inferences, a p-value of 0.05 was considered. The software used was SPSS version 21.0 for Windows. RESULTS: There were no cases of complications related to the polypropylene device. There was no significant difference between static two-point discrimination and age, between discrimination and time between injury and surgery, or between discrimination and time to follow-up. The authors used a table of scores that includes three factors proposed by Jefferson for a better evaluation of the results. 72.7% (16 cases) of patients had good results, 22.7% (five cases) fair results, and only 4.5% (one case) poor result. CONCLUSION: This study presented a new technique for finger tip lesions, simple and easily reproducible, with satisfactory results and low complication rates.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados do tratamento das lesões de ponta de dedo, bem como descrever a técnica cirúrgica, reprodutível e de baixo custo, que usa uma prótese de polipropileno que substitui temporariamente a unha e é colocada sobre a área da lesão, promove proteção e estímulo para a sua cicatrização por segunda intenção. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 22 pacientes portadores de lesões traumáticas da polpa digital de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2015. Todos os procedimentos foram feitos pelo mesmo cirurgião. O tempo médio de seguimento pós-operatório foi de 13 meses, com um seguimento mínimo de seis meses. Para toda a inferência estatística, considerou-se um valor de p de 0,05. O software usado foi o SPSS for Windows, versão 21.0. RESULTADOS: Não foi observado caso de complicação referente ao dispositivo de polipropileno. Não foi observada diferença estatística significante entre sensibilidade estática entre dois pontos (DE2P) e idade, entre sensibilidade e tempo entre lesão e data da cirurgia nem entre sensibilidade e tempo de seguimento. Adotou-se uma tabela de escores que incluiu três fatores propostos por Jefferson para melhor avaliação dos resultados; 72,7% (16 casos) dos pacientes tiveram resultados bons, 22,7% (cinco) regulares e apenas 4,5% (um) apresentou resultado ruim. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo apresentou uma nova técnica, simples e facilmente reprodutível, para as lesões das pontas de dedos com resultados satisfatórios e baixa taxa de complicações.

Macrodactilia: estudo retrospectivo de quatro casos / Macrodactyly: a retrospective study of four cases

INTRODUÇÃO: A macrodactilia é uma anomalia rara e de etiologia desconhecida. Os primeiros casos foram descritos, em 1821, por Klein. Representa aproximadamente 1% de todas as anomalias congênitas. Surge no nascimento e caracteriza-se pelo crescimento dos dedos das mãos, dos pés ou de todo o membro; entretanto, pode se apresentar mais tardiamente, com os sintomas de compressão de nervo, podendo associar-se à síndrome do túnel do carpo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de quatro casos de macrodactilia atendidos no Hospital da Santa Casa Misericórdia de Campo Grande, MS, nos últimos 10 anos. RESULTADOS: Descrevemos quatro casos de macrodactilia, sendo três em quirodáctilos e um acometendo primeiro pododáctilo. Todos os pacientes tratados com procedimentos cirúrgicos, um dos casos com amputação de falanges e metacarpo. CONCLUSÕES: É recomendada a amputação como opção cirúrgica em alguns casos e o tratamento precoce da síndrome do túnel do carpo quando presente.

INTRODUCTION: Macrodactyly is a rare anomaly of unknown etiology. The first cases were described in 1821 by Klein. It represents approximately 1% of all congenital anomalies. It appears at birth and is characterized by excessive growth of the fingers, toes, or of the entire limb; however, its appearance may be delayed, with symptoms of nerve compression, and may present with carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective study of four cases of macrodactyly treated at the Hospital da Santa Casa Misericórdia in Campo Grande, MS, in the last 10 years RESULTS: We describe four cases of macrodactyly: three in the fingers and one affecting the first toe. All patients were treated with surgical procedures, one with amputation of phalanges and metacarpals. CONCLUSIONS: Amputation is a surgical option recommended in some cases, as is the early treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Colgajo comisural palmar: su utilidad en el abordaje de la enfermedad de Dupuytren con compromiso de dedos contiguos / Commissural palmar flap: use in Dupuytren`s disease involving adjacent fingers

Introducción: El diseño de las incisiones en la enfermedad de Dupuytren es probablemente el detalle técnico más importante en el tratamiento quirúrgico. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una valoración retrospectiva de la utilidad del colgajo comisural palmar en el abordaje de la enfermedad de Dupuytren con compromiso de dedos contiguos. Materiales y Métodos: Entre abril de 2009 y diciembre de 2012, los autores operaron a 32 pacientes con enfermedad de Dupuytren. Se incluyeron 12 pacientes con compromiso de, al menos, 2 dedos contiguos y el diseño de un colgajo comisural palmar. Se evaluaron entre los días 3-5, 15-21, 45-60 y a los 6 meses posoperatorios. Al final del seguimiento, se constataron las recidivas, la satisfacción y el puntaje Quick DASH. Resultados: Se realizaron 13 colgajos comisurales palmares en 12 pacientes, 6 manos derechas y 6 izquierdas. Los rayos contiguos afectados fueron el 4.° y 5.° dedos (8 casos), el 3.°, 4.° y 5.° dedos (3 casos), y el 3.° y 4.° dedos (un caso). La distancia promedio del colgajo comisural palmar comisura-vértice fue de 2,23 cm (rango 1,2-4,3) y la transversal, de 2,42 cm (rango 1,6-3,8). Siempre se pudo realizar la resección de las cuerdas patológicas y la fasciectomía parcial sin complicaciones intraoperatorias. Hubo una necrosis distal parcial, tratada con técnica de palma abierta. Conclusiones: El colgajo comisural palmar es de fácil disección y seguro a causa de su múltiple vascularización, permite una correcta visualización de las estructuras vasculonerviosas digitales y las bandas patológicas, útil en afección de dedos contiguos.

Background: In Dupuytren's contracture deciding the type of surgical incision is extremely important, and several options were described. The aim of this study is to evaluate retrospectively the usefulness of palmar commissural flap in Dupuytren's disease with adjacent fingers involvement. Methods: Between April 2009 and December 2012, 32 patients with Dupuytren's disease were operated on by the authors. Twelve patients with at least 2 adjacent fingers involvement and the design of a palmar commissural flap. The flaps were evaluated at days 3-5, 15-21, 45-60, and 6 months post-surgery. At the end of the follow-up, recurrence, satisfaction and Quick Dash score were evaluated. Results: Thirteen palmar commissural flaps were performed in 12 patients (6 right hands and 6 left hands). The affected adjacent rays were the 4th and 5th fingers (8 cases); the 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers (3 cases), and the 3rd and 4th fingers (one case). Average distances of the palmar commissural flap, commissure-vertex was 2.23 cm (range 1.2-4.3), and that of the transverse 2.42 cm (range 1.6 to 3.8). In all cases it was performed according to preoperative planning resection of pathological cords and partial fasciectomy. One case presented distal necrosis, which was treated with open palm technique. Conclusions: The palmar commissural flap can identify both the digital pedicle as pathological structures. Its vascularization makes it a safe and easy flap dissection.

Reintegração de amputação digital distal com enxerto composto e difusão plasmática ampliada distal no plano dérmico palmar - relato de um caso em criança de 2 anos de idade e revisão da literatura / Reintegration of distal digital amputation with composite graft and plasmatic diffusion expanded distally on the palmar dermal plane - a case report of a 2-year-old child and a literature review

Nas amputações mais distais da ponta dos dedos, o reimplante microcirúrgico pode não ser praticável. Nestes casos, o enxerto composto oferece os melhores resultados funcionais e estéticos, sendo, porém, incerta a sua reintegração. Várias técnicas foram aventadas para melhorar a sobrevida do enxerto volumoso, basicamente diminuindo o seu volume, associando ou não um retalho cutâneo. Outras técnicas criam uma superfície adicional de contato para difusão plasmática, o "bolso subcutâneo", sem diminuir o volume do enxerto composto, com altas taxas de sucesso. O presente artigo apresenta um caso de amputação da ponta distal do dedo mínimo (zona I de Ishikawa) numa criança de 2 anos de idade. Impossível de reimplante microcirúrgico, a reintegração foi feita com enxerto composto do coto amputado, sem desbridamento, e com a criação de uma nova superfície de contato para difusão plasmática, na extremidade distal do coto enxertado, no plano dérmico da região hipotênar, aumentando assim a área de contato e diminuindo a distância radial da difusão plasmática no enxerto composto. Doze dias após, esse contato adicional foi separado e ambas as superfícies apresentaram sangramento. A reintegração foi total, com mínimas cicatrizes no dedo e na região hipotênar. Uma breve revisão bibliográfica foi feita e discutidos os conceitos cirúrgicos, assim como os fatores que influenciam na sobrevida do enxerto composto. Na área receptora, o plano anatômico mais adequado e melhor vascularizado, para o contato adicional com o enxerto, necessita ser determinado.

In more-distal amputations of the fingertips, microsurgical replantation is not feasible. For these cases, composite graft provides the best functional and aesthetic results. However, its reintegration is uncertain. Several techniques have been proposed to improve bulky graft survival by basically reducing its volume, regardless of whether a skin flap is connected. Other techniques create an additional contact surface for plasmatic diffusion, the so-called subcutaneous pocket, without reducing the composite graft volume and yielding high success rates. This article presents a case of amputation of the distal tip of the fifth digit (Ishikawa zone I) of a 2-year-old child. Because of the impossibility of microsurgical replantation, a composite graft was used to reintegrate the amputated stump, without debridement, by creating a new contact surface for plasmatic diffusion at the distal end of the grafted stump, on the dermal plane in the hypothenar region, thereby increasing the contact area and decreasing the radial distance for the plasmatic diffusion of the composite graft. Twelve days later, the additional contact was separated and both surfaces presented bleeding. Full reintegration occurred with minimal scarring of the finger and hypothenar region. A brief literature review was conducted, discussing surgical concepts and factors that influence composite graft survival. The most appropriate and best vascularized anatomic plane for additional contact with the graft in the recipient area needs to be determined.

Trauma complexo da mão parte II: lesão óssea, amputação e reimplante, perda de substância dos dedos, lesão da polpa digital e lesão ungueal / Complex trauma of the hand, part II: bone injury, amputation and replantation, loss of fi nger substance, digital pulp injury and nail injury

O trauma da mão representa uma das lesões que com maior frequência pode deixar sequelas funcionais importantes. A idade mais afetada é a economicamente ativa. Valorizamos o conhecimento adequado do primeiro atendimento e do manejo das lesões mais frequentes na mão traumatizada. Nesta segunda parte, serão abordados os fundamentos e conceitos considerados como essenciais na lesão óssea, amputações e reimplantes, perda de substância na mão, lesão da polpa digital e do complexo ungueal. Procuramos orientar a conduta dos médicos nas diversas situações clínico-cirúrgicas para diminuir o grau de complicações e sequelas (AU)

Hand trauma is one of the injuries that can most often leave important functional sequelae. The most affected age group is economically active people. We appreciate proper knowledge of the initial treatment and management of the most common injuries in the traumatized hand. In this second part we address the fundamentals and concepts considered essential in bone injury, amputation and replantation, loss of substance in the hand, and injuries of digital pulp and ungual complex. We aim to guide the conduct of physicians in different clinical and surgical situations to reduce the degree of complications and sequelae (AU)

Use of adrenalin with lidocaine in hand surgery

Objective: Because of the received wisdom within our setting that claims that local anesthesia should not be used with adrenalin in hand surgery; we conducted a study using lidocaine with adrenalin, to demonstrate its safety, utility and efficacy. Methods: We conducted a prospective study in which, in wrist, hand and finger surgery performed from July 2012 onwards, we used local anesthesia comprising a 1% lidocaine solution with adrenalin at 1:100,000. We evaluated the quantity of bleeding, systemic alterations, signs of arterial deficit and complications, among other parameters. We described the infiltration techniques for specific procedures individually. Results: We operated on 41 patients and chose to describe separately the raising of a lateral microsurgical flap on the arm, which was done without excessive bleeding and within the usual length of time. In only three cases was there excessive bleeding or use of bipolar tweezers. No systemic alterations were observed by the anesthesiologists or any complications relating to ischemia and necrosis in the wounds or in the fingers, and use of tourniquets was not necessary in any case. Conclusions: Use of lidocaine with adrenalin in hand surgery was shown to be a safe local anesthetic technique, without complications relating to necrosis. It provided efficient exsanguination of the surgical field and made it possible to perform the surgical procedures without using a pneumatic tourniquet, thereby avoiding its risks and benefiting the patient through lower sedation...

Objetivo: Por causa do dogma existente em nosso meio de que não deve ser usada anestesia local com adrenalina na cirurgia da mão, fizemos um estudo com o uso de lidocaína com adrenalina para demonstrar sua segurança, utilidade e eficácia. Métodos: Fizemos um trabalho prospectivo no qual, a partir de julho de 2012, usamos como anestesia local uma solução de lidocaína 1% com adrenalina 1:100.000 nas cirurgias em punho, mão e dedos e avaliamos a quantidade de sangramento, as alteracões sistêmicas, os sinais de déficit arterial e as compliçates, entre outros parâmetros. Descrevemos as técnicas de infiltração de procedimentos específicos individualmente. Resultados: Operamos 41 pacientes e optamos por descrever separadamente um levantamento de retalho microcirúrgico lateral do braço, que ocorreu sem sangramento excessivo e no tempo habitual. Em apenas três casos houve sangramento e uso de pinça bipolar excessivos. Não houve alterações sistêmicas verificadas pelos anestesiologistas ou complicates relacionadas à isquemia e necrose nas feridas ou nos dedos e em nenhum caso foi necessário o uso do torniquete. Conclusões: O uso de lidocaína com adrenalina na cirurgia da mão mostrou-se técnica anestésica local segura, sem compliçates relacionadas à necrose, forneceu campo cirúrgico exsangue eficiente, permitiu os procedimentos cirúrgicos sem uso do torniquete pneumático, evitou seus riscos e beneficiou os pacientes com menor sedação...

Apertura del primer espacio en pacientes con artrogriposis múltiple congénita y pulgar aducto con técnica de colgajo dorsorradial del índice / Opening of the first web space in patients with multiple congenital arthrogryposis and adducted thumb with a dorsoradial index finger flap

Introducción: La artrogriposis múltiple congénita es un síndrome progresivo caracterizado por articulaciones deformadas y rígidas, atrofia o ausencia muscular, contractura y engrosamiento del tejido articular capsular y periarticular y estado psíquico normal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de carácter descriptivo, con un nivel III de evidencia, sobre el manejo quirúrgico que recibieron pacientes con artrogriposis múltiple congénita y pulgar aducto congénito, en un período entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2010. Se realizaron 27 aperturas con técnica de colgajo dorso radial de índice, en 16 pacientes. En 80% de los pacientes se inició con la mano dominante, fueron nueve pacientes de sexo masculino y siete de sexo femenino, las manos operadas fueron 15 derechas y 12 izquierdas. Resultados: El diseño del colgajo permite un mejor avance y profundización del espacio y una mejoría cosmética. El ángulo intermetacarpiano primero y segundo preoperatorio fue en promedio de 20.5º, siendo el mínimo de 14º y el máximo de 27º. El promedio del ángulo intermetacarpiano primero y segundo postoperatorio fue de 50º, siendo el mínimo de 36º y el máximo de 65º, esto se observó en la clínica con una extensión activa de los pulgares así como una buena oposición del pulgar. Conclusiones: El diseño del colgajo permite un mejor avance y profundización del espacio, con un mejor balance entre los flexores y extensores, todos los pacientes tuvieron una mejor función de la extremidad y una mejoría cosmética.

Introduction: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a progressive syndrome characterized by deformed and stiff joints, atrophy or absence of muscles, contracture and thickening of the capsular articular and periarticular tissue, and normal psychic status. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, evidence level III study was conducted on the surgical management of patients with Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and congenital adducted thumb between January 2005 and December 2010. Twenty-seven opening procedures were performed in 16 patients with a dorsoradial index finger flap technique. In 80% of patients the dominant hand was operated first; patients included nine males and seven females; the operated hands included 15 right and 12 left hands. Results: Flap design permits better advancement and space deepening, and cosmetic improvement. The mean preoperative first and second intermetacarpal angle was 20.5º on average, with a minimum of 14º and a maximum of 27º. The mean postoperative first and second intermetacarpal angle was 50º, with a minimum of 36º and a maximum of 65º. This was observed at the clinic with active thumb extension as well as proper thumb apposition. Conclusions: Flap design permits better advancement and space deepening, with a better balance between flexors and extensors. All patients had better limb function and cosmetic improvement.

Amputação de quirodáctilo e microcirurgia com reimplante / Chirodactile amputation and microsurgery with reimplant

As amputações digitais são lesões frequentes e podem acarretar danos estéticos e funcionais. O tratamento visa devolver a função original, tendo no reimplante a principal indicação. Porém, há indicações específicas e condições adequadas para sua realização. Esse artigo revisa a conduta atual do reimplante em amputações de quirodáctilos.

Digital amputations are frequent injuries and can result in esthetics and functional damages. The treatment aims return the original function, having in the replantation the main indication. However, there are specific indications and adequate conditions for its realization. This article reviews the actual management in replantation and amputation of fingers.

Troca pulpar: uma solução simples para um problema complexo / Pulp exchange: a simple solution for a complex problem

INTRODUÇÃO: A ponta do dedo tem papel importante na qualidade do movimento de pinça bidigital, e seu trauma é comum e difícil de resolver. Na troca pulpar, um retalho neurovascular homodigital em ilha reconstrói a polpa dominante, proporcionando boa cobertura de pele e sensibilidade, usando a polpa não-dominante. MÉTODO: De janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2008, 16 pacientes perderam a polpa digital dominante. A técnica cirúrgica consistiu de um retalho neurovascular homodigital em ilha, vascularizado pela artéria digital palmar da polpa não-dominante transposto para o lado dominante. A viabilidade do retalho, sua sensibilidade e o déficit das articulações interfalangeanas proximal e distal foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Houve média de 8 mm no teste de discriminação entre dois pontos estáticos para todos os dígitos, exceto no dedo anelar. No teste monofilamentar de Semmes-Weinstein, obteve-se escore de 3,61 para D1 e D3, e de 4,31 para os outros dedos. Comparado ao mesmo dígito contralateral, obteve-se escore de 2,83 para todos os dígitos, exceto para D5, que apresentou maior escore (3,61). CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de troca pulpar apresentou resultados funcionais satisfatórios quanto a viabilidade, sensibilidade e mobilidade digital, priorizando o movimento da pinça. Esse retalho neurovascular local também proporciona resultados estéticos aceitáveis, em um único procedimento cirúrgico.

BACKGROUND: The fingertip is essential to the quality of the bi-digital pinch. Trauma to the fingertip is common and is difficult to resolve. In pulp exchange, a homodigital neurovascular island flap reconstructs the dominant pulp using pulp from the nondominant pulp, providing good skin coverage and sensitivity. METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2008, 16 patients lost their dominant digital pulp. The surgical technique used for repair consisted of a homodigital neurovascular island flap, vascularized by the palmar digital artery of the nondominant pulp transposed to the dominant side. Flap viability, its sensitivity, and deficits in proximal and distal interphalangeal articulations were analyzed. RESULTS: In the two-point discrimination test, an average of 8 mm was measured for all digits except the ring finger. In the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, D1 and D3 scored 3.61, while the other fingers scored 4.31. The same contralateral digits scored 2.83, except D5, which scored 3.61. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of pulp exchange presented satisfactory functional results with regard to viability, sensitivity, and digital mobility, particularly with respect to the pinch. This local neurovascular flap also provides acceptable aesthetic results and is performed as a single surgical procedure.

Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Phaeoacremonium Species in a Kidney Transplant Patient: The First Case in Korea / 대한진단검사의학회지

Phaeohyphomycosis is a subcutaneous infection caused by dark pigmented fungi, including fungi of the species Phaeoacremonium, Alternaria, Exophiala, and Pyrenochaeta. In August 2005, a 54-yr-old man who had received a renal transplant 5 yr ago was admitted to our hospital with a subcutaneous mass on the third finger of the right hand; the mass had been present for several months. He had been receiving immunosuppressive agents for several years. He underwent excision of the mass, which was followed by aspiration of the wound for bacterial and fungal cultures. Many fungal hyphae were observed on the histology slide treated with periodic acid-Schiff stain. A few white waxy colonies with a woolly texture grew on the Sabouraud dextrose agar at 30degrees C and changed to dark brown in color. Nucleotide sequencing of internal transcribed spacer regions revealed 100% homology to the Phaeoacremonium aleophilum anamorph and Togninia minima teleomorph (514 bp/514 bp). The patient completely recovered after wide surgical excision. Here, we report the first case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phaeoacremonium species in a kidney transplant patient in Korea.

Policização do quarto dedo: princípios, técnica e vantagens / Pollicization of the four finger: principles, technique and advantages

Introdução: O polegar é o dedo mais importante da mão e sua perda provoca grande incapacidade à mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho é preconizar a técnica de policização do quarto dedo, demonstrando seus princípios, técnica e vantagens. Método: Foram tratados seis pacientes em diferentes níveis de amputação do polegar. Resultados: Em todos os casos, obtivemos resultados satisfatórios, com retorno da capacidade funcional da mão.

Introduction: The thumb is the more important finger of the hand and his lost cause a big incapacity. The purpose of this trial is precognize the pollicization of the four finger technique showing your principles, techniques and advantages. Methods: Six patients were treated in different levels of thumb amputation. Results: In all of the cases were obtained satisfactory results, with return of the functional capacity of the hand.